Different Units Of Measurement Research Articles

APPROACHES TO THE FORMATION OF A SYSTEM OF EVALUATION INDICATORS FOR ANALYSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMMERCIALISATION CHAIN

Shorter product lifecycles, new product introductions, increased competition, the emergence of new markets and ever-changing consumer needs are forcing companies to bring new products to market. However, not all innovative solutions are commercially successful. At the same time, there are many systems for assessing the effectiveness of the commercialisation chain that would meet the needs of companies in different sectors. The aim of the work is to systematise evaluation indicators and to develop recommendations that can be useful in forming a system of evaluation indicators for analysing the effectiveness of the commercialisation chain. Currently, there are various approaches to the evaluation of innovation commercialisation. Researchers base them on indicators grouped according to specific criteria with certain weights. The company can choose one of these approaches or develop its own. At the same time, they need to consider the following points. When creating a system of evaluation indicators, it is advisable to use as many indicators as are most relevant to the organisation's objectives. When creating this set of indicators, one should consider different aspects (effects) of commercialisation. It is better to focus on objective indicators (indices); however, in their absence and the need to calculate indicators with different units of measurement, there is a need for their normalisation. When determining the weights of groups and individual indicators, in order to achieve greater objectivity, it is possible to use simultaneously the methods of balancing, weighting and general category weighting. After calculating the integral indicator, it is necessary to check its adequacy using various methods and to compare its value in different scenarios. The data approach to the development of the system of evaluation indicators for the analysis of the effectiveness of the commercialisation chain will contribute to the formation of a sufficiently objective evaluation system that takes into account the various impacts of commercialisation (economic, market, social, environmental, and so forth).

An Overview of TOD Level Assessment Around Rail Transit Stations

AbstractBy integrating land use and transportation systems, transit-oriented development (TOD) focuses on transit and land development, development potential, and the balance between transportation and land use. The TOD level assessment not only helps optimize existing TODs but also guides TOD planning. Based on previous literature, methods for assessing TOD around rail transit stations can be roughly divided into three categories: TOD index, the node-place model, and the data envelopment analysis (DEA) model. The TOD index aggregates indicators from different dimensions into a single value for evaluation. The node-place model emphasizes transportation, land use, and the balance between them, as well as expansion factors. And the DEA model is suitable for situations without input indicator weights or consideration of different units of measurement. TOD indicators are the basis of the evaluation, and in both the TOD index and node-place models, indicator weights are mostly determined by using subjective methods. Furthermore, a limited number of studies to date have pre-evaluated the implementation of TOD at rail stations under construction or in planning. This paper aims to assess the level of TOD areas at the rail transit station level, which can help in constructing the evaluation index system, selecting TOD stations, and optimizing them.

INFORMATION AND ANALYTICAL SYSTEM FOR COLLECTING, PROCESSING AND ANALYZING DATA ON AIR POLLUTION

The presented information and analytical system is designed to provide convenient management of the processes of collecting, processing and analyzing air pollution data. The system is a web application built on the basis of the R programming language using the Shiny web service and works with data from Vaisala monitoring stations. The created service receives data from the monitoring stations on various air parameters such as wind speed, temperature, and levels of pollutants such as PM2.5, CO, and NO2.The main functions of the web service include uploading data to a dedicated server, processing data with the ability to round time ranges, interactive data visualization using graphs and charts, building air quality charts, and presenting AQI, which can be used to classify pollution levels and generate recommendations for different sensitivity groups of the population.The system allows users to download data from the server in various formats or access the original data from the Vaisala server. In addition, users can convert data to different units of measurement. The web service can be of interest to both household users and professionals in various fields, including environmental researchers in Ukraine, governmental environmental control organizations, municipal and public organizations interested in a clean environment. By improving the availability and analysis of air quality data, this service contributes to the preservation of the environment and public health.

Assessment on the Acoustic Comfort Inside the Heavy Vehicle Cabin

Abstract Noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) researchers spend inexhaustible resources of materials, time and money in determining the objective factors that are important in ensuring acoustic comfort in vehicles. In this paper, the factors that directly influence the interior acoustic pressure level in a heavy-duty vehicle were investigated. It was determined using specific descriptors and different units of measurement in assessment of sound levels and the impact generated by noise, the level of interior acoustic pressure and particular values of some prominent sources of noise in the operation of vehicles (engine, HVAC system), taking into account the factors of insurance and thermal comfort, with the aim of determining the cumulative impact at the board of heavy vehicles due to noise.

Simultaneous relative cue reliance in speech-on-speech masking.

Modern hearing research has identified the ability of listeners to segregate simultaneous speech streams with a reliance on three major voice cues, fundamental frequency, level, and location. Few of these studies evaluated reliance for these cues presented simultaneously as occurs in nature, and fewer still considered the listeners' relative reliance on these cues owing to the cues' different units of measure. In the present study trial-by-trial analyses were used to isolate the listener's simultaneous reliance on the three voice cues, with the behavior of an ideal observer [Green and Swets (1966). (Wiley, New York), pp.151-178] serving as a comparison standard for evaluating relative reliance. Listeners heard on each trial a pair of randomly selected, simultaneous recordings of naturally spoken sentences. One of the recordings was always from the same talker, a distracter, and the other, with equal probability, was from one of two target talkers differing in the three voice cues. The listener's task was to identify the target talker. Among 33 clinically normal-hearing adults only one relied predominantly on voice level, the remaining were split between voice fundamental frequency and/or location. The results are discussed regarding their implications for the common practice in studies of using target-distracter level as a dependent measure of speech-on-speech masking.

An Ideal-observer standard for evaluating relative cue reliance on multi-talker speech segregation

Modern hearing research identifies the ability of listeners to segregate simultaneous speech streams with a reliance on three major voice cues, fundamental frequency, level, and location. Few of these studies, however, present cues simultaneously as in natural listening, and fewer still consider the relative reliance listeners placed on these cues owing to the cues’ different units of measure. In the present study, trial-by-trial analyses were used to isolate listener reliance on the three voice cues presented simultaneously, with the behavior of an ideal observer (Green and Swets, 1966, pp. 151–178) serving as standard for determining their relative reliance. Listeners heard on each trial a pair of randomly selected, simultaneously recordings of naturally spoken sentences. One of the recordings was always from the same talker, a distracter, the other, with equal probability, was from one of two target talkers differing in the three voice cues. The listener’s task was to identify the target talker. Among 33 clinically normal-hearing adults only one relied predominantly on voice level, the remaining were split between voice fundamental frequency and location. The results are discussed regarding their implications for the common practice of using target-distracter level as a dependent measure of multi-talker speech segregation.

The denominator rule with unit ratio difference

In this paper we extend the denominator rule for ratios given in different units of measurement and we explain how to derive the relevant aggregation shares, which are given in terms of the denominator variable and the constants converting the relevant variables into the same unit of measurement.

Economic Assessment of the Impact of the Sugarcane Industry: An Empirical Approach with Two Focuses for San Luis Potosí, México

The sugarcane industry has a high environmental impact. In countries such as Mexico, cultivation and harvesting practices consume and pollute many ecological resources. However, quantifying these impacts is difficult due to their diverse nature and different units of measurement. In this study, an approach with two focuses was taken to assess the environmental costs of the sugarcane industry in San Luis Potosí, México. The first focus is human health costs related to air pollution (black carbon) and the second one is a lifecycle assessment applied to the production phase. In the first case, four scenarios, with different concentrations and populations, were projected. Costs of 516.8 thousand USD were estimated for a scenario in which black carbon concentrations exceeded the WHO reference by one unit for the total population. In the second case, costs of 642 million USD were estimated for the impairment of seven ecosystem-based services. These estimates may vary due to the source and specificity of the information provided, but nevertheless are considered an appropriate approximation of the cost of environmental damage. It is recommended that first-hand information be collected and systematized to improve the certainty of the estimates and that changes to sugarcane agrifood systems be considered to reduce environmental costs.

The control of physical fitness as a necessary link of training process was definded

The purpose of work is assessment of physical fitness of young footballers by stage of preliminary basic training. The methodological base of research were: theoretical analysis and generalization of experience of pedagogical and sports practice in matters of control; selection of pedagogical testing tests that tell about reliability, objectivity and informativeness; methods of mathematical processing of tests results. Scientific novelty of work is in development of own scales for assessing the physical fitness of 14 year old footballers in the 15 m running test, running 30 m, long jump from a place and kicking the ball to a distance; shuttle run 7x50 m. The research was conducted on the basis of the Youth Football Academy “FC Zirka Academy” with young players born in 2007 in June 2021. Twenty footballers took part in the research at all. The control of general and special physical fitness included the checking the starting speed, distance speed, speed-strength qualities and specific endurance; it was conducted by way of explaining the procedure and pedagogical testing process. Individual indicators of development these qualities of the studied contingent were determined. Using the methods of mathematical statistic, the average group of young footballers by stage of preliminary basic training were also determined. 10-point scales was developmented for each of the tests, selected by us, according to the results of conducted testing, which made it possible to compare the results of different tests (expressed in different units of measurement) and assess the individual level of preparedness of each athlete. Obtained indicators will give us opportunity to influence the growth individual sport results in general and special physical fitness of young football players. The command level, which corresponds to the average on the scales is also determined.

Standardized metrics to quantify solar energy-land relationships: A global systematic review

Ground-mounted solar energy installations, including photovoltaics (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP), can have significant environmental, ecological, and sociocultural effects via land-use and land-cover change (LULCC). Research in disciplines ranging from engineering to environmental policy seeks to quantify solar energy-land (SE-land) interactions to better understand the comprehensive impacts of solar energy installations on society. However, increasing evidence shows that scholars across research disciplines employ disparate metrics to quantify SE-land interactions. While solar energy deployment helps to achieve progress toward sustainable development goals (SDG 7- affordable and clean energy), the inconsistent use of metrics to describe SE-land interactions may inhibit the understanding of the total environmental and ecological impacts of solar energy installations, potentially causing barriers to achieve concurrent SDG's such as life on land (SDG 15). We systematically reviewed 608 sources on SE-land relationships globally to identify and assess the most frequent metric terms and units used in published studies. In total, we identified 51 unique metric terms and 34 different units of measure describing SE-land relationships across 18 countries of author origin. We organized these findings into three distinct metric categories: (1) capacity-based (i.e., nominal), (2) generation-based, and (3) human population-based. We used the most frequently reported terms and units in each category to inform a standardized suite of metrics, which are: land-use efficiency (W/m2), annual and lifetime land transformation (m2/Wh), and solar footprint (m2/capita). This framework can facilitate greater consistency in the reporting of SE-land metrics and improved capacity for comparison and aggregations of trends, including SE-land modeling projections. Our study addresses the need for standardization while acknowledging the role for future methodological advancements. The results of our study may help guide scholars toward a common vernacular and application of metrics to inform decisions about solar energy development.

FUNKCJONALNOŚĆ PRAWNYCH I STRUKTURALNYCH PRZEKSZTAŁCEŃ GŁÓWNEGO URZĘDU MIAR W LATACH 2021–2022

The subject of this article is the Central Office of Measures (COM) and the structural and functional changes it underwent in 2022. This institution dates back more than 100 years. It is worth studying because it is an important element of public administration and civil service. The standard tasks of the COM are related to different units of measurement and their definitions, as well as the international measurement standards. The structural and functional changes analyzed in this article occurred in response to current technological advances. They involve expanding the COM scope, tasks, and funding opportunities for the Ph.D. research focused on implementation. The article also touches on future plans for 2022–2025, including investing in a modern laboratory.

Merenje produktivnosti, proizvodna funkcija i Divisia indeksni brojevi

The objective of this study is the theoretical and methodological analysis of the total productivity index, as a measure of economic efficiency, assuming the existence of various inputs and various outputs. The defined index is a measure of the overall change in productivity. The obtained chain two-factor indices are rationalized Divisia indices. The study actualizes the issues of economic efficiency, measurements of productivity and total productivity, promotes relevant literature in this field, offering a simple methodology with numerous applications at the same time. The presented concept is based on index numbers of total productivity of all factors. Using this approach, net output is compared to a weighted average of all factor inputs. Therefore, a significant part of the study is particularly the input weighting methodology, since it enables the appropriate connection of inputs and outputs, combining their different units of measure at the same time. The results obtained by applying the presented methodology in this paper provide the basis for numerous empirical analyses of the level and dynamics of changes in the economies' efficiency. Due to its simplicity, this approach has several advantages over other similar approaches.

Understanding the Non-Equivalency of Bio-Fluorescent Particle Counts versus the Colony Forming Unit.

Adopting emerging microbiological methods is often desirable because it enables more advantageous, real time monitoring practices. However, when the newer method measures contamination based on a different detection principle and provides results that are based on different units of measure, a paradigm shift is necessary. That shift can be one of the most difficult challenges in any such project and requires careful consideration. In this paper, we explore the challenges presented by the Bio-Fluorescent Particle Counting (BFPC) technology, when considering that the traditional Colony Forming Unit (CFU) is the gold standard which any change is measured against. We examine why attempts to correlate newer units of measure used by Bio-Fluorescent Particle Counters, namely the Auto-Fluorescent Units (AFUs), to the traditional CFUs are not necessarily appropriate. The paper explores in depth why there is no consistent correlation factor between the two units of measure, and why that should not be a barrier to fully leveraging, implementing, and using such modern technologies in routine monitoring.

МЕТОДИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ КОЕФІЦІЄНТА ВОЛОГОПРОВІДНОСТІ ҐРУНТІВ ЗЕМЛЯНОГО ПОЛОТНА

Introduction. All periods of moistening of the road structure constitute a single regular cycle of moisture movement in it due to the influence of natural factors. For the final selection of the construction of the subgrade and road pavement, the values of density, humidity and frost heaving of the soil in the annual cycle should be established. To forecast these values, it is necessary to determine the amount of moisture entering the soil from precipitation falling on the surface of the roadway and roadsides during periods of seasonal moisture accumulation. This makes it possible to develop high-quality measures that improve the water-thermal regime of the soils of the subgrade, to model its construction taking into account the properties of the soil, to increase durability by increasing the degree of soil density and reducing the harmful effects of moisture infiltration. Problem Statement. Coefficient of soil moisture conductivity of soil is obtained by the existing method I.A. Zolotar. According to the international standard ISO 17892-11:2019 (E), there are different values as well as different units of measurement, which creates significant problems for their further practical use. Therefore, there are a number of urgent problems regarding the adaptation of existing methods for determining moisture accumulation during the annual cycle to European standards for measuring the coefficient of moisture conductivity of soils of the subgrade. Purpose. The purpose of this work is to carry out analysis of the existing methods of determination of soil moisture conductivity coefficient for calculation of seasonal moisture accumulation in the subgrade. Materials and methods. Methods of determination of the coefficient of moisture conductivity, in particular The Method I.A. Zolotar, are used mainly in the countries of the post-Soviet space. At the same time, in the European Union countries, the determination of the coefficient of moisture is regulated by the international standard ISO 17892-11:2019 (E), according to which the coefficient of moisture is determined depending on the conditions of carrying of the experiment. In the educational and scientific laboratory of the department of transport construction and property management of the National Transport University, a series of studies was conducted using equipment for testing moisture conductivity under conditions of constant pressure. Results. Based on the obtained results of experimental studies carried out in the research laboratory of the National Transport University, the coefficient of moisture conductivity of sandy soil was determined according to the international standard ISO 17892-11:2019 (E) and a comparison was made with the coefficient of moisture conductivity calculated according to the method of I.A. Zolotar. Conclusions. On the basis of the obtained results of experimental studies according to the European approach to determining the coefficient of electrical conductivity of soils of the subgrade, the method of calculating seasonal moisture accumulation will be improved. This will make it possible to move away from outdated Soviet methods, to solve a number of issues important for the practice of design, construction, restoration, reconstruction and operation of roads: to assess the suitability of local soils for the arrangement of the subgrade; determine its structural parameters; to establish calculated values of strength and deformation characteristics of the soil.

The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on cause-specific- mortality: a systematic literature review

Abstract Background Although investigating the patterns of COVID-19 excess mortality (EM) is relevant, understanding the effects of the pandemic on cause-specific mortality is even crucial and should also be assessed, as this metric allows for a more detailed analysis of the true impact of the pandemic. The aim of this systematic literature review is to estimate the impact of the pandemic on different causes of death, providing a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the phenomenon. Methods We searched MEDLINE to identify studies that reported cause-specific mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. We adopted several inclusion criteria: original article; assessed at least one cause-specific mortality during the pandemic; assessed causes of deaths using the ICD-10 classification; reporting of at least one of the following outcomes: cause-specific mortality estimates or cause-specific EM; full-length articles. Several relevant data were extracted (e.g. publication year, data stratification, territory, country income level, all-cause EM, and cause-specific mortality, etc.). Results The search identified 548 articles. After title, abstract and full-text screening, we extracted relevant data from the final set of 14 articles. Cause-specific mortality was reported using different units of measurement. Only 9 studies reported the statistical significance and/or confidence intervals. The most frequently analyzed causes of death were cardiovascular diseases (n = 11), cancer (n = 7), diabetes (n = 6), and suicide (n = 5). We found very heterogeneous patterns of cause-specific mortality, for all the specific causes of deaths, except for suicide and road accident. Conclusions The impact of the pandemic on cause-specific deaths has been very heterogeneous and the analyses conducted so far are not exhaustive. We advocate for the urgent need to find a consensus to define uniform methodological approaches to establish the true burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on non-COVID-19 mortality. Key messages • We reviewed the body of literature to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on different causes of death, and to provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the phenomenon. • We did not identify unique patterns of cause-specific mortality due to too varied approaches in terms of disease classification and coding, and methodologies used for estimating mortality.

A general method to combine environmental and life-safety consequences of Arctic ship accidents

Risk aggregation is the process of combining multiple individual risks to develop a better understanding of the overall risk on a system. Different risks can have different consequences and different units of measure. This study contributes to the process of risk aggregation by presenting a general method to combine multiple consequences posed by an Arctic ship accident. The method considers ecological and socio-economic consequences of a potential oil spill, and life-safety consequences of a potential ship evacuation. Existing models for each consequence type are adopted. Individual consequence types are monetized and combined to quantify total consequence cost for a given accident scenario. A framework is proposed to assign a qualitative rating for total consequence severity. The qualitative scales of the framework are established using the quantitative method. Total consequence severity is evaluated for different ship types and regions in the Canadian Arctic. Results indicate that Arctic ship accidents involving oil tankers in environmentally sensitive regions and cruise ships in regions associated with long response times are worst-case scenarios, with similar total consequence severity levels. Implications for safe Arctic shipping are that on the basis of total consequence severity, mitigating the potential consequence severity of Arctic cruise operations is of near equal priority to that of Arctic tanker operations. Evaluating total consequence severity of potential Arctic ship accidents provides decision-makers and risk analysts with a data-driven tool to integrate multidisciplinary knowledge for the assessment, management, and communication of Arctic shipping risks.

Approaches to the development of environmental regional standards for the content of lead in the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus on the basis of an integral indicator of the biological state of the soil

Introduction. The Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is an actively developing region with a progressively growing tourism and recreation infrastructure. However, there are rare and unique soils, such as southern chernozems (chestnut), brown soils of dry subtropics, yellow soils. Lead (Pb) is a priority group of toxicant metals. However, the use of uniform, common standards of Pb content in all types of soils is impractical, since local regional ecological and geochemical features of soils are not taken into account when calculating them. Materials and methods. Soil contamination of 100, 1000, 10,000 mg Pb per 1 kg of soil was modelling, corresponding to 1, 10 and 100 MPC of this element in Germany and several other countries. After 30 days, changes in biological parameters (the number of bacteria, the activity of soil enzymes and length of roots of radish) were evaluated. To combine the values of the studied biological indicators with different units of measurement into one common indicator, an integral indicator of the biological state (IIBS) of the soil was used. Results. In most cases, there was an inhibition of the biological properties of the studied soils. According to the resistance to Pb pollution, the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus form the series including southern chernozems (Haplic Chernozems Pachic) (85) > cinnamonics typical (Haplicisols Eutric) (79) ≥ soddy-carbonate typical (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) (77) ≥ cinnamonics leached (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (76) ≥ cinnamonics carbonate (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (74) = sod-calcareouses leached (Rendzic Leptosols Eutric) (74) = yellow soils (Albic Luvisols Abruptic ) (74) > brown forest weakly-unsaturated (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (67) ≥ brown forest acid (Haplic Cambisols Eutric) (65) > brown forest acid podzolized (Haplic Cambisols Dystric) (59). On the base of the analysis of the degree of failure of environmental functions of soils, regional values of maximum permissible concentrations (rMPC) of Pb in soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus are established. Regional values of maximum permissible concentrations of Pb for southern chernozem is 120 mg/kg, for cinnamonics typical, cinnamonics leached, cinnamonics carbonate, sod-calcareouses leached, sod-calcareouses typical soils and yellow soil - 100 mg/kg, for brown forest acid, brown forest weakly-unsaturated - 70 mg/kg, 65 mg/kg for brown forest acid podzolized. Limitations. The proposed maximum permissible concentrations of Pb in soils are applicable primarily to the territory of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Conclusion. The proposed maximum permissible concentrations of Pb in the soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus can be used by environmental, agricultural and scientific institutions.

Measuring open innovation under uncertainty: A fuzzy logic approach

Open innovation has received growing interest in recent years, both in academia and industry. Currently, assessing the degree of openness of a company’s innovation process can be highly challenging due to many qualitative and quantitative factors with different units of measurements involved in the evaluation process. Moreover, the open innovation assessment process is affected by vagueness and uncertainty. In this paper, starting from a thorough review of the open innovation literature and following a holistic approach to open innovation assessment, a novel modular fuzzy rule based system is developed in order to help managers to evaluate the openness of their company. The proposed system allows the decision maker to assess the open innovation level of the firm by providing 19 input variables. The information is then processed by the system through 231 rules in order to compute sub-dimensions, dimensions, building blocks and finally the total degree of open innovation. Furthermore, the proposed system was tested using numerical examples and two real-world case studies of two companies. The results showed the capability of the system to assess open innovation in different scenarios, allowing the decision maker to identify the areas with strengths and weaknesses.

FH&P RATING MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION WITHIN THE SLOVAK SPA ENTERPRISES

The aim of the paper is to propose a suitable structure of the newly designed Financial Health & Prediction (FH&P) rating model, and by putting it into practice in Slovak spa enterprises, to contribute to the development of financial management concepts for spa facilities operating in the field of tourism. The quantification of individual dimensions of the FH&P rating model was based on the calculation of selected ten key financial ratio indicators and prediction models. The values (in different units of measure) were converted to points using compiled transformation tables which formed the final score of the FH&P rating model and subsequently the proposed A-FX rating. Based on the results, Kúpele Bojnice, Inc. (SE03), Špecializovaný liečebný ústav Marína, s.e. (SE21) and Kúpele Nimnica, Inc. (SE07) received the best rating. This innovative model provides financial managers actual, simple and understandable overview of the financial health of a spa company and its future financial perspective. With a several adjustments, the FH&P rating model is easily applicable in any economic sector of Slovakia.

Inference-based correction of multi-site height and weight measurement data in the All of Us research program.

Measurement and data entry of height and weight values are error prone. Aggregation of medical record data from multiple sites creates new challenges prompting the need to identify and correct errant values. We sought to characterize and correct issues with height and weight measurement values within the All of Us (AoU) Research Program. Using the AoU Researcher Workbench, we assessed site-level measurement value distributions to infer unit types. We also used plausibility checks with exceptions for conditions with possible outlier values, eg obesity, and assessed for excess deviation within individual participant's records. 15.8% of height and 22.4% of weight values had missing unit type information. We identified several measurement unit related issues: the use of different units of measure within and between sites, missing units, and incorrect labeling of units. Failure to account for these in patient data repositories may lead to erroneous study results and conclusions. Discrepancies in height and weight measurement data may arise from missing or mislabeled units. Using site- and participant-level analyses while accounting for outlier value-associated clinical conditions, we can infer measurement units and apply corrections. These methods are adaptable and expandable within AoU and other data repositories.